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The Atlas of Innovation
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Innovation Library

Explore 13 funding approaches for science and innovation, from advance market commitments to research grants. Each page explains when the approach works, how it can fail, and real-world examples.

Advance Market Commitments

A promise to buy or subsidize a future innovative product

Advance Market Commitments
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Coordinated Research Programs

A managed initiative that coordinates research efforts toward an ambitious goal

Coordinated Research Programs
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Fieldbuilding

An investment in the talent, training, and institutions that help build a field

Fieldbuilding
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Intramural Science

A research program done in a funder's own labs by its own staff

Intramural Science
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Loan Instruments

A subsidized or risk-sharing loan that eases innovators' financing constraints

Loan Instruments
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Milestone Payments

A staged funding approach that releases payments as innovators hit predefined goals

Milestone Payments
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Per-Unit Subsidies & Tax Credits

A per-unit payment that lowers the cost of producing or adopting an innovative product

Per-Unit Subsidies & Tax Credits
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Prizes

A competition that rewards teams for meeting a defined innovation target

Prizes
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Procurement Contracts

A direct contract with a specific performer to develop or supply innovative products

Procurement Contracts
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R&D Contracts

A contract that pays a performer to conduct defined research and development

R&D Contracts
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R&D Tax Credits

A tax credit that lowers the cost of private R&D

R&D Tax Credits
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Research Grants

A grant supporting researcher-led work within a defined scope

Research Grants
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Research Joint Ventures

Institutional partnerships that share research resources and priorities

Research Joint Ventures
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Copyright 2026, Content developed by the Institute for Progress and the Market Shaping Accelerator.